International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development

Diabetes is a costly disease affecting 387 million individuals globally and 28 million in the United States. Its precursor, prediabetes, affects 316 and 86 million individuals globally and in the United States, respectively. People living with elevated blood glucose levels are at high risk for all cause mortality and numerous cardiometabolic ailments. Fortunately, diabetes can be prevented or delayed by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and a healthy body weight. In this review, we summarize the literature around lifestyle diabetes prevention programs and provide recommendations for introducing prevention strategies in clinical practice. Overall, evidence supports the efficacy and effectiveness of lifestyle diabetes prevention interventions across clinical and community settings, delivery formats eg, individual , group , or technology based , and implementers eg, clinicians, community members . Evidence based diabetes prevention strategies that can be implemented in clinical practice include brief behavior change counseling, group based education, community referrals, and health information technologies. These strategies represent opportunities where practitioners, communities, and health care systems can work together to provide individuals with education, support and opportunities to maintain healthy, diabetes free lifestyles. The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing at a rapid rate, predominantly because of changes in environmental factors interacting with individual genetic susceptibility to the disease. Data from 20 longitudinal cohort studies present a consistent picture indicating that regular physical activity substantially reduces risk of type 2 diabetes. Adjustment for differences in body mass index between active and inactive groups attenuates the magnitude of risk reduction, but even after adjustment, a high level of physical activity is associated with a 20 30 reduction in diabetes risk.It is possible to prevent type 2 diabetes. Whether you have several of the risk factors or you’ve been told you have prediabetes, you can take action and reduce your risk of developing diabetes. Being overweight BMI greater than 25 kg m2 increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, so if you’re overweight, you should take steps to lose weight. By losing 5 to 10 of your body weight, you can reduce your risk. You can do this by eating smaller portions and being more physically active, which, conveniently enough, are two other ways to prevent type 2 diabetes. First, build your meals around vegetables rather than meat, and cut back on your starches. Avoiding added sugar and sugar substitutes, as well as processed grains. Instead, substitute with heart healthy fats, high protein whole grains eg, pasta made from chickpea flour, quinoa, sprouted wheat bread , fruit to add sweetness even to salads or as a snack, and lean meats and dairy products. Seek out new, appetizing recipes there are many cookbooks that offer lower fat and healthier recipes. Aim for some daily physical activity. Exercise is important to help prevent type 2 diabetes and has so many other benefits. It can help you keep lost weight off, and improve your heart health, and if you’re insulin resistant, it can help increase your bodys response to insulin exercise so you will have better blood glucose control. Drinking water throughout the day is always good to keep your organs and skin healthy. Of course, getting some fluid before, during and after exercise is just as important to avoid becoming dehydrated. 

Laxmi Kumari Yadav "Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mallitus: A Focus on Physical Activity and Lifestyle Changes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43839.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/43839/prevention-of-type-2-diabetes-mallitus-a-focus-on-physical-activity-and-lifestyle-changes/laxmi-kumari-yadav

internationaljournalofmanagement, callforpapermanagement, managementjournal 

The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December post monsoon highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Chandrasarovar pond of 

by Jhalawar, Rajasthan Arjumand Qureshi "Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarovar Pond of Jhalawar (Rajasthan)" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43619.pdf 

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43619/studies-on-diversity-and-seasonal-variations-in-ichthyofauna-of-chandrasarovar-pond-of-jhalawar-rajasthan/arjumand-qureshi

peerreviewedjournals, reviewpapers

Lead is regarded as a potent occupational toxin and its toxicological manifestations are well known. The non biodegradable nature of lead is the prime reason for its prolonged persistence in the environment. Human exposure to lead occurs through various sources like leaded gasoline, industrial processes such as lead smelting and coal combustion, lead based paints, lead containing pipes or lead based solder in water supply systems, battery recycling, grids and bearings, etc. Although lead toxicity is a highly explored and comprehensively published topic, complete control and prevention over lead exposure is still far from being achieved. There is no such level of lead that appears to be necessary or beneficial to the body and no “safe” level of exposure to lead has been found. Lead toxicity is a particularly insidious hazard with the potential of causing irreversible health effects. It is known to interfere with a number of body functions and it is primarily affecting the central nervous, hematopoietic, hepatic and renal system producing serious disorders. Acute toxicity is related to occupational exposure and is quite uncommon. Chronic toxicity on the other hand is much more common and occurs at blood lead levels of about 40–60 ug dL. It can be much more severe if not treated in time and is characterized by persistent vomiting, encephalopathy, lethargy, delirium, convulsions and coma. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and can suffer profound and permanent adverse health effects, particularly affecting the development of the brain and nervous system. Lead also causes long term harm in adults, including increased risk of high blood pressure and kidney damage. Exposure of pregnant women to high levels of lead can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight. Young children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning because they absorb 4–5 times as much ingested lead as adults from a given source. Moreover, children’s innate curiosity and their age appropriate hand to mouth behaviour result in their mouthing and swallowing lead containing or lead coated objects, such as contaminated soil or dust and flakes from decaying lead containing paint. This route of exposure is magnified in children with a psychological disorder called pica persistent and compulsive cravings to eat non food items , who may, for example pick away at, and eat, leaded paint from walls, door frames and furniture. Exposure to lead contaminated soil and dust resulting from battery recycling and mining has caused mass lead poisoning and multiple deaths in young children in Nigeria, Senegal and other countries. Once lead enters the body, it is distributed to organs such as the brain, kidneys, liver and bones. The body stores lead in the teeth and bones where it accumulates over time. Lead stored in bone may be remobilized into the blood during pregnancy, thus exposing the fetus. Undernourished children are more susceptible to lead because their bodies absorb more lead if other nutrients, such as calcium or iron, are lacking. Children at highest risk are the very young including the developing fetus and the economically disadvantaged. Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body, often over a period of months or years. Research indicates about 500,000 U.S. children between the ages of 1 and 5 have blood lead levels above 5 micrograms per deciliter, the reference level at which the CDC recommends public health actions be initiated. Children under the age of 6 are especially vulnerable because their growing bodies absorb more lead than adults and because they tend to put their hands or other objects, which may be contaminated with lead dust, into their mouths. The signs and symptoms of lead poisoning often dont appear until dangerous amounts of lead have accumulated. Even low levels of lead in blood have been shown to affect IQ, the ability to pay attention and academic achievement. At very high levels, lead poisoning can be fatal. The effects of lead exposure cannot be corrected. Lead pollution can also cause irreversible encephalopathy, seizure, coma and even death. Fatigue, memory loss, high blood pressure, nephropathy, gastrointestinal disturbances, weight loss and immuno suppression are other common toxic effects of lead exposure in animals. Prenatal exposure to metal may also cause birth defects, miscarriage and underdeveloped babies. 

by Dr. Rana Taj "Impact of Lead Toxicity on Body Defense" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43613.pdf 

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43613/impact-of-lead-toxicity-on-body-defense/dr-rana-taj

callforpaperpapersinjournals, specialissuepublication, multidisciplinaryjournal

One of the most diversed groups of animals, found abundantly, in all types of environment throughout the world is the ‘Butterflies’. The study and watching of butterflies perhaps is the second interesting pastime for naturalists, next only to ornithology. They belong to the order ‘Lepidoptera, of the phylum ‘Arthropoda’. Amongst more than 100 species found in the Bastar division of Chhattisgarh, due to the rich flora and fauna of the region, some of the most common ones belong to the family Papilionidae. The present article reviews the entomological characterisation of the five common species of Papilionidae butterflies from Bastar division of Chhattisgarh, India. 

by Nisreen Husain | Sonia Bajaj | Majid Ali | Touseef Hussain Trak "Entomological Characterisation of Some of the Butterfly Species of Papilionidae from Bastar Division of Chhattisgarh, India" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43608.pdf 

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43608/entomological-characterisation-of-some-of-the-butterfly-species-of-papilionidae-from-bastar-division-of-chhattisgarh-india/nisreen-husain

callforpapersocialscience, ugcapprovedjournalsforsocialscience, socialsciencejournal