International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development: Pharmacology

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development

IJTSRD is a leading Open Access, Peer-Reviewed International Journal which provides rapid publication of your research articles and aims to promote the theory and practice along with knowledge sharing between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working in and around the world in many areas. For any further information, feel free to write us on editor.ijtsrd@gmail.com

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    • Showing posts with label Pharmacology. Show all posts
    Showing posts with label Pharmacology. Show all posts

    Thursday 21 October 2021

    Interplay between Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH , Luteinizing Hormone LH and Prolactin in Hyperprolactinaemic Infertile Women Treated with Cabergoline in Orlu, Nigeria

    October 21, 2021 0
    Interplay between Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH , Luteinizing Hormone LH and Prolactin in Hyperprolactinaemic Infertile Women Treated with Cabergoline in Orlu, Nigeria
    The study evaluated the interplay between Follicle stimulating hormones, Leutenizing hormone, and prolactin in hyperprolactinaemic infertile female subjects treated with cabergoline in Orlu, South East Nigeria. Hyperprolactinaemic females who were attending Gynaecology Clinic at Imo State University Teaching Hospital IMSUTH Orlu participated in the study. 30 hyperprolactinaemic females were administered 0.25mg cabergoline twice weekly for eight weeks. Serum prolactin, LH and FSH were assayed before and after treatment using enzyme linked immunesorbent assay ELISA kits. The significant difference between the mean values of prolactin, LH and FSH in the pre and post treatment with cabergoline was determined by paired t test. There was an inverse relationship between prolactin level and FSH and LH before and after treatment. Linear regression analysis showed that for every 0.14 and 0.02 unit change in the level of pretreatment prolactin, there is 1 unit change in FSH and LH level respectively. While for every 0.25 and 0.31 unit change in level of post treatment prolactin, there is 1 unit change in the level of FSH and LH respectively. Only change in post treatment LH following change in post treatment prolactin was statistically significant, and the P value 0.05, however, others were not statistically significant. 
    by Ajaero, Oluchi Chinwe | Offiah, Raymond Ogbonna | Unekwe, Prince Chiazor | Ajaero, Nnaemeka Uchendu | Uzoma, Onyeka I. "Interplay between Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Prolactin in Hyperprolactinaemic Infertile Women Treated with Cabergoline in Orlu, Nigeria" 

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 
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    Sunday 29 August 2021

    Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis

    August 29, 2021 0
    Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis

    Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. 

    by Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, 

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf 

    Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha


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    Thursday 4 February 2021

    Transgenic Animals A Better Approach towards Experimentation

    February 04, 2021 0
    Transgenic Animals A Better Approach towards Experimentation

    Animals play a crucial role in the development of medical products from medicines to various implants and major surgical procedures. They are not approved for human use until they qualify the safety parameters in animals. The animals play a pivotal role in drug discovery and development. One of the most challenging aspects of targeting drugs for any pathological condition is the development of animal models. Animal models are nothing but an approach to replicate the general symptoms of the diseased condition which occur in humans. The whole pathophysiology cannot be replicated but, the symptoms which are known and precipitate the most in any pathological condition are positively reproduced within the animal. With the increasing need in the medical field, the paradigm is now slowly shifting towards transgenic animals as they have given a new dimension to medical sciences to study the pathophysiology of the disease rather than focusing on the symptom based analysis of the diseased condition. These genetically modified organisms have shown groundbreaking results not only in developing models for various diseases but also in developing biopharmaceuticals, receptor selective drugs, and have a huge contribution to xenotransplantation and the agriculture sector. This review article vividly describes the newer approaches that are adopted to develop transgenic animal models and also highlights certain limitations to the older approach of developing the models. 

    by Swarnima Negi | Dr. Sachdev Yadav "Transgenic Animals: A Better Approach towards Experimentation" 

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, 

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38268.pdf 

    Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/38268/transgenic-animals-a-better-approach-towards-experimentation/swarnima-negi

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    Wednesday 22 July 2020

    Studies on Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials of Evolvulus Alsinoides using Lung Cancer Cell Line

    July 22, 2020 0
    Studies on Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials of Evolvulus Alsinoides using Lung Cancer Cell Line

     The main objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidant potentials and anticancer property of Evolvulus alsinoides. Initially, plant extract was prepared using different solvents includes petroleum ether, ethanol and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant potential of the selected plant extract was assessed by Super oxide radical assay, Hydroxyl radical assay and DPPH assays and the results were analyzed. The anticancer property was observed against lung cancer cell line, A 549. From the results it was found that, Alkaloids, Steroids, Flavonoids, Tannins Phenol, Proteins, Carbohydrate and Glycosides are present in the ethanolic extract of the plant. No significant compounds could be detected in other extracts including petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. DPPH assay and Ferric thiocyanate method clearly reveals that, this plant extract has significant antioxidant potential in dose dependent manner. It also showed notable inhibitory potential against the growth of the lung cancer cells. 

    by Shaleesha A. Stanley | T. Yazhini "Studies on Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials of Evolvulus Alsinoides using Lung Cancer Cell Line" 

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, 

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31804.pdf 

    Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/31804/studies-on-phytochemicals-antioxidant-and-anticancer-potentials-of-evolvulus-alsinoides-using-lung-cancer-cell-line/shaleesha-a-stanley

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    Friday 14 February 2020

    A Comprehensive Review on Clinical Pharmacology of Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs

    February 14, 2020 0
    A Comprehensive Review on Clinical Pharmacology of Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs
    An increasing number of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs is available for clinical use each year. This article reviews significant differences between NSAIDs currently available in worldwide, and helps the clinician to evaluate new NSAIDs. While their mechanism of action and efficacy are similar, side effects and cost vary considerably from one agent to another. Because all NSAIDs can produce adverse effects, patients, especially if they are elderly, should be selected carefully for treatment with a particular agent. 

    by Sachin Korde | Jugal Vyas ""A Comprehensive Review on Clinical Pharmacology of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs""

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30018.pdf

    Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/30018/a-comprehensive-review-on-clinical-pharmacology-of-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs/sachin-korde

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    Monday 23 December 2019

    Evaluation of Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics in General Medicine Ward in a Tertiary Care Hospital

    December 23, 2019 0
    Evaluation of Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics in General Medicine Ward in a Tertiary Care Hospital

    Knowledge about antibiotic utilization and resistance patterns of most common microorganisms are unavailable in tertiary care hospitals. To assess the pattern of antibiotic utilization and outcome of patients in a General Medical Ward, all positive blood cultures BC over a 4 month period from July 2019 to October 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Sixty five positive BC were recorded in which patients 43 males and 22 females . 72 of the patients received antibiotics before or soon after obtaining the BC, and ceftriaxone was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic 41.93 , either alone or in combination with other antibiotics. The bacteraemia was due to gram positive cocci in 60.46 of cases, gram negative rods in 30.23 , and gram positive rods in 9.30 . Positive BC due to contamination was not included. The most common gram positive cocci were Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by S. aureus, while the most common gram negative bacilli were Brucella species, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella sp. The suspected sources of the bacteraemia were respiratory 21.2 , urinary 19.2 , or skin 19.2 . A subsequent change in the antibiotics regimen was done in 69.76 cases after BC results became available with no apparent effect on the outcome. Adding Cefotaxime, Amoxicillin clavulonic acid, piperacillintazobactum, vancomycin and clindamycin was the most frequent change done 19.4 for each equally . Complications developed in 69.76 of patients, with 88.66 of them suffering from sepsis shock. 69.23 of the patients improved and 30.77 expired death was related to infection in 87.5 of cases. In conclusion, most bacteremia in the medical ward of the hospital were due to gram positive cocci, which should be considered in antibiotic selection prior to BC. 


    by Vageeshwari Devuni | Debabrata Chaudhary "Evaluation of Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics in General Medicine Ward in a Tertiary Care Hospital"

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019,

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29618.pdf 

    Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/29618/evaluation-of-prescribing-patterns-of-antibiotics-in-general-medicine-ward-in-a-tertiary-care-hospital/vageeshwari-devuni

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    Tuesday 2 July 2019

    Herbal and Synthetic Drug Combinations in Cancer Therapy A Review

    July 02, 2019 0
    Herbal and Synthetic Drug Combinations in Cancer Therapy A Review

    Cancer is one of the leading and most serious diseases in the current decade, every year millions of people die because of various kinds of cancers. Many aspects relate to the cause of disease besides heredity, food habits, smoking, nutritional behaviors, radiation etc. Cancer is a high mortality disease and the therapeutics for cancer, especially for cancer metastasis is still imperfect. The successful cancer treatment till now has been under study, only chemotherapy and radiation treatments are at times successful. Alternative and less toxic medication is very much in need towards the disease, the use of concepts of herbal medicine with synthetic drug could present better drug leads towards the inhibitory treatment of Cancer. Nature shows plethora of medicinal plants with anticancer and antioxidant activities which may suppress the disease completely. By applying combination therapy instead of monotherapy can lead to improved efficacy and reduced toxicity of the conventional method of treatments of cancer. 


    by Anusree S | Dr. Silvia Navis A | Dr. Prashob G R ""Herbal and Synthetic Drug Combinations in Cancer Therapy- A Review""

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019,

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25222.pdf

    Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/25222/herbal-and-synthetic-drug-combinations-in-cancer-therapy--a-review/anusree-s

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    Tuesday 14 May 2019

    A Review on "Polycystic Overy Syndrom PCOS "

    May 14, 2019 0
    A Review on "Polycystic Overy Syndrom PCOS "

    The polycystic ovary disorder PCOS is characterized as a mix of hyperandrogenism hirsutism and skin break out and anovulation oligomenorrhea, barrenness, and useless uterine seeping , with or without the nearness of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. It speaks to the primary endocrine issue in the conceptive age, influencing 6 15 of ladies in threats. It is the most widely recognized reason for barrenness because of anovulation, and the primary wellspring of female fruitlessness. At the point when in the pre since of a menstrual issue, the finding of PCOS is come to in 30 40 of patients with essential or auxiliary amenorrhea and in 80 of patients with oligomenorrhea. PCOS ought to be analyzed and treated right off the bat in pre adulthood because of conceptive, metabolic and ontological difficulties which might be related with it. Treatment choices incorporate medications, diet and way of life improvement. For solid youthful couples, the probability of getting pregnancy differs. In 2010, an expected 48.5 million couples worldwide were barren. This paper gives a survey on barrenness causes, examinations, treatment modalities and job of medical attendant birthing specialist in managing fruitless couples. Barrenness a condition of sub richness can be showed either as the failure to wind up pregnant, powerlessness to maintain a pregnancy, and failure to proceed with a pregnancy till term. There are different reasons for female and male fruitlessness. 


    By Miss Dipamoni Morang | Pankaj Chasta | Mr. Kaushal K. Chandrul "A Review on "Polycystic Overy Syndrom (PCOS)"

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019,

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23542.pdf

    Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/23542/a-review-on-%E2%80%9Cpolycystic-overy-syndrom-pcos%E2%80%9D/miss-dipamoni-morang

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    Thursday 14 February 2019

    Mandukparni Centella Asiatica L. Urban and Indigenous Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Potential through Biopesticides A Review

    February 14, 2019 0
    Mandukparni Centella Asiatica L. Urban and Indigenous Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Potential through Biopesticides A Review

    Aim of this study was to review the efficacy of Mandukparni Centella asiatica L. Urban in curing various disorders disease. Phytoconstituents Secondary metabolites , safety, Purity, strength and therapeutic index of the organically cultivated plant species is higher. Organic cultivation of medicinal plants is supported by biopesticides resulting in enhanced secondary metabolites concentration along with weedicide activity. Organic cultivation of some of the medicinal and aromatic plants such as Mandukparni Centella Asiatica L. Urban , Giloy Tinospora cordiflia , Kaddu Cucurbita mexima , Haldi Curcuma longa , Alsi Linum usitatissimum , Akarkara Anacyclus pyrethrum , Aak Calotropis gigantea , Arand Ricinus communis , Marigold Calendule officinalis , Neem Azadirachta indica , Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis , Khus Vetiveria zizanioides , Tulsi Ocimum sanctum , Pamarosa Cymbopogon martini , Geranium Pelargonium graveolens , Pudina Mentha piperata and Rose Rosa indica may enhance livelihood of rural poor people through ethnopharmacy, better economic returns for organic agro-produce and offshoot of natural resources conservation. 


    by Dr. Lalit Raj Singh | Dr. Karan Singh | Rupam "Mandukparni [Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban] and Indigenous Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Potential through Biopesticides: A Review"

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

    URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21473.pdf

    Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/21473/mandukparni-centella-asiatica-l-urban-and-indigenous-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants-potential-through-biopesticides-a-review/dr-lalit-raj-singh

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    Friday 10 August 2018

    HPLC: Principle and Maintenance with Application

    August 10, 2018 0
    HPLC: Principle and Maintenance with Application
    High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a significant qualitative and quantitative technique, usually used for the estimation of pharmaceutical and biological samples. The chromatography term is derived from the Greek words namely chroma (colour) and graphein (to write). The chromatography is very accepted technique and it is mostly used analytically. 

    It is the most resourceful, safest, reliable and fastest chroma to graphic technique for the quality control of drug components. This technique involves 2 phases"™ stationary and mobile phases. There are different types of chroma to graphic techniques. The separation of constituents is based on the variation between the partition coefficients of the two phases. This article is primed with an aim to review different aspects of HPLC, such as principle, types, instrumentation and application with maintenance. 

    By Yogesh Kumar | Sayed Md Mumtaz | Mustaq Ahmad" HPLC: Principle and Maintenance with Application" 

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018,

    Paper URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17134.pdf

    Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/17134/hplc-principle-and-maintenance-with-application/yogesh-kumar

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    Tuesday 15 May 2018

    Reverse Aging by Punica granatum L. Peel Extract on Rat Model

    May 15, 2018 0
    Reverse Aging by Punica granatum L. Peel Extract on Rat Model

    While connecting the dots to all the possibly known diseases, it lead us to a single root cause, an increased level of free-radicals. Apart from the external sources, internally sources as well, trigger the natural-aging-clock i.e. the length of the telomere. The present study was focused on the chemical constituents being, polyphenolic tannins (ellagic acid, punicallin, punicalagin) being converted into urolithins. Ageing was induced by oral administration of soft-drink for 6 weeks in positive control group resulted increase in body weight, lipid-peroxidase & low-density lipids. 


    The oral administration dose of pomegranate aqueous peel extract in group T1(a) 50mg/kg & group T1(b) 10 mg/kg of body weight & pomegranate fruit juice in group T2(a) 2ml/kg & T2(b) 3 ml/kg of body weight, was given for 3 weeks. Furthermore, the combination of both aqueous peel extract & fruit juice in group T3 was 100mg/kg & 3ml/kg of body weight administered orally. 

    The pomegranate aqueous peel extract shown to be a potent antioxidant than the pomegranate fruit juice. Whereas, among all the treatment groups, group T3 shown significant increase in superoxidases, reduced glutathione, free radical scavenging activity, high-density lipids & memory retention as compared to the positive control group. 

    by Akanksha Samuel | Yogita Dobhal "Reverse Aging by Punica granatum L. Peel Extract on Rat Model" 

    Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, 

    URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12999.pdf

    Direct Link - http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/12999/reverse-aging-by-punica-granatum-l-peel-extract-on-rat-model/akanksha-samuel

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